FPIES solutions have come a long way in recent years. We’ve moved from mystery and fear into options that can help babies and kids feel better with an FPIES diagnosis. FPIES solutions – that is, solutions for food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome – abound, and kids can add more safe foods that we once thought possible. Read on for 7 FPIES solutions that I’ve seen great results with in my pediatric nutrition practice over the years.
I began finding FPIES solutions in my pediatric nutrition practice before it was even called FPIES. By 2017, consensus was finally published on exactly what FPIES is, but guidelines for feeding and nutrition were on the thin side. What can you feed these kids, safely, and so they can grow, play, sleep, poop, and be happy? Many years before, I had had to find solutions for my own son – so, while it was nice that FPIES was finally recognized as a diagnosis that did indeed need attention, it had come about twenty years too late for us.
Born in 1996, my baby presented immediately after birth with inexplicable symptoms – classic FPIES, but nobody knew that at the time. He had projectile vomiting after feeding that left him limp, flaccid, and pale – and even unconscious for a few seconds on one occasion (talk about being a terrified new mom!). He had explosive, runny, liquid, mucousy stool, 8-12 times/day, even though he was breast fed; allergic shiners at his eyes; pallor and listlessness; relentless crying and colic; insomnia; eczema flares up and down his body; thick cradle cap. My own food intake mattered as I was breastfeeding, and I gradually eliminated so many foods that I felt weak myself.
This started when he was just three days old, and we were terrified. Maternity staff at the hospital where he had just been discharged told me to put him on top of our clothes dryer and turn it on, to stop him from screaming and vomiting. I am not making this up. We later had emergency room visits for these episodes, and were given zero guidance. No FPIES solutions there!
Though I’d completed my graduate and undergraduate degree trainings in nutrition, I had never heard of anything like my baby’s symptoms, even during my stint at WIC clinics where I saw plenty of babies. Friends and family with babies of their own hadn’t either. By the time our son was 8 months old, we’d rotated through breastfeeding, breastfeeding on a carefully restricted diet, hypoallergenic formulas, elemental formula, and then finally settled on a homemade goat milk formula that I felt confident creating myself given my training (no commercial goat milk formulas existed at the time). It worked like a charm for him, and has for many babies in my practice since. But, it doesn’t always turn out so easy. For FPIES solutions, formula changes are just one trick to try, and there are now several to choose from that I did not have the option to try back in the mid 1990s – see below for my top picks.
Pediatric gastroenterologists and allergists have begun to understand that immune reactions to foods other than a classic IgE allergy may be active in FPIES. In fact, as few as one third of kids diagnosed with FPIES have measurable IgE food reactions to trigger foods. FPIES is now generally recognized as a non-IgE mediated condition. It can be quite serious, with impacts on growth, gain, development, and quality of life as well, as foods become more and more restricted: I once worked with the family of a seven year old child who had been restricted to three safe foods: Bison, carrot, and celery, after years of FPIES reactions to foods and unsuccessful searching with the local children’s hospital. School and usual activities were out of the question due to fatigue and poor health for this child; most days were spent on the couch. But, in six months, we had reclaimed fourteen foods and the child was much healthier. More foods followed, as did more health and vitaiity.
Yes, there is hope. Here are 7 FPIES Solutions I lean on in my pediatric nutrition practice for success. See what your care team can do to work with you on getting these going:
1) Work with your own diet. If FPIES symptoms are active early and your baby is breastfed, replace the usual trigger proteins from your own diet. Eliminate them one at a time, so as not to over-restrict yourself, and so you can see what really needs to go and what you can keep. Many moms I work with over-restrict out of anxiety or dogma on the web about what you should’t eat. But none of this applies to you, unless it does. So, try it all out. Top triggers are cow’s milk/dairy, soy, nuts, gluten, rice, oat, eggs, corn, and high FODMAPs foods. Experiment with rotating foods, find what is problematic. Super important: Replace any proteins withdrawn with nutrient dense options. As a nursing mom, your nutrition needs are high. FPIES Solutions proteins I like are wild caught cod or salmon, plain collagen from beef or chicken bone, bison, and higher protein pastas like lentil pasta or buckwheat pasta (this is gluten free), camel milk (sounds crazy but it has worked often in my practice), or scallops (if you can get them!). Keep any foods that seem to be well tolerated.
2) Eat organic, as much as is feasible in your budget. GMO foods and pesticides have been linked to increased allergy (not to mention ADHD) in children, and this is the last thing an FPIES baby needs. For meats, pasture raised will be a better bet (avoid GMO soy and corn fed meat) if it’s in your budget.
3) Move to lower FODMAPs foods in your diet as you breastfeed. Go-to FPIES Solutions options for breastfeeding moms in my practice are buckwheat or lentil pastas mentioned above, red lentil soup, ghee (yes, ghee – this is butter with dairy proteins removed), buckwheat pasta (this is gluten free), garnet yams, green beans, lima beans, butternut squash, zucchini, quinoa, tigernut flour (check out this recipe for some delicious bars), blueberries, raspberries, green apples, coconut yogurt or canned coconut milk (for cooking, baking, or boosting smoothies – not as a formula), cauliflower mash or “riced” cauliflower, and – believe it or not – congee (here’s why). Check my recipe blog for more ideas. If a food you eat passes, odds are better that it will pass for your breast-fed baby too.
4) If breastfeeding has simply become too difficult, that’s ok. You need to be rested and happy to enjoy and care for your baby. If you are stressed and anxious, your baby will be too. So do what helps you feel well, even if that means weaning earlier than you’d hoped. FPIES Solutions options: There are now so many formula options out there, and one may work well for your baby. Check these out:
- Kabrita Non GMO Goat Milk formula, – Goat milk protein may be well tolerated by about half of babies who do not tolerate cows milk protein, so this can work in many cases. The carbohydrate source in this formula is lactose, which is the same as the carbohydrate source in breast milk. Lactose is not a protein -it’s an essential fuel source for babies that formula companies traditionally replace with corn syrup (yuck!). Lactose will help feed and diversify a healthy gut biome for your baby, so go with a lactose containing formula if you can.
- Bubs Organic Grass Fed Infant Formula, – This is a cows milk source but grass fed with some casein and some whey, with a lactose carb source. The feed source for the cows makes a big difference for some babies. Not a go if a casein allergy is certain in your baby’s case, but otherwise may be worth a try. A goat protein source version is available too.
- Bobbie Organic Gentle Infant Formula – Uses hydrolyzed whey and no casein as protein source, which means the top trigger protein for FPIES (casein) is not here. Hydrolyzed whey is partially digested already for easier tolerance for your baby. And it has a lactose carb source, again – my preference over GMO corn derivatives commonly used in many infant formulas. I could not find this on amazon, but did find it here. This one is actually my favorite overall!
- If none of the above work, you might have luck with Alimentum Ready To Feed formula, which uses a tapioca starch source instead of corn syrup, and uses partially hydrolyzed milk protein for better tolerance. Moving beyond that, consider elemental formulas like Neocate, Elecare, or Cambrooke formulas. Your doctor will be most familiar with these options.
5) Carbs matter. Though our understanding of FPIES began as a journey that was all about protein, it turns out that the gut microbiome has a big role to play, and carbs are key to fuel and diversify a healthy gut microbiome in our first years. What I have observed across 25 years in practice is that higher FODMAPs carb foods (like avocado, oatmeal, brown rice, peaches, mango, onion, red apples, plums, and many fruits, depending on how big a serving is eaten) will trigger FPIES kids. I believe this is because the gut microbiome is disrupted with bacterial and/or fungal overgrowth, and unable to helpfully ferment those lengthy carb chains. Left incomplete in their digestion, fermentation and absorption in the gut, water will rush in, cause vomiting, diarrhea, and even fainting.
I don’t like seeing babies and toddlers on keto, yeast free, or very low carb diets for many reasons – but this is a biggie. Your child’s gut biome needs to evolve, and carbs will help. Start with low FODMAPs foods to build your child’s growth pattern, sleep cycle, and overall happiness – yes, having enough of these in my experience helps mood, developmental tasking, and sleep cycle stabilize. Over-restricting carbs can cause stress, anxiety, poor sleep, and swings in energy and mood for young children. Move gradually into more fiber foods as your child’s biome recovers: Raisins, chia, flax meal, lentils, buckwheat, fresh vegetables.
6) Rule out bowel infections. Research into the human gut biome is rapidly growing, and it’s clear that newborns with an addled gut biome have more trouble for allergies, FPIES, feeding, growing, immune function, and even learning and brain development. Good gut bugs keep pathogens out, trap toxins, communicate with the immune system, protect the gut lining, and aid digestion. In babies, the intestine is immature and permeable, and the job of the gut biome is to help it mature. This is pivotal for aiding digestion and absorption of nutrients, critical for setting up normal immune function, and mitigates allergies and asthma later on.
Most gastroenterologists will check for pathogen bacteria species with a PCR DNA stool test. Worth doing for sure, but go deeper. This testing often skips FPIES culprits like overabundance of fungal (yeast) species or dysbiotic bacteria like Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Methanobacteriaceae, or many others, which can be disruptive to an infant or toddlers’ gut when present to a dominant degree. A functional medicine comprehensive digestive stool analysis will look at all sorts of microbes, from parasites (think microscopic ones like amoebas or protozoans that are impossible to culture) to the full line up of pathogenic bacteria. In my pediatric nutrition practice, I rely often on the GI MAP from Diagnostic Solutions Lab.This test also profiles beneficial flora, so you can see if important helper bacteria are colonizing your baby’s gut or not. The test also captures stool chemistries for markers of inflammation and good digestion.
7) Build, build, build: While most my FPIES cases show a good deal of bacterial, protozoan, and/or fungal dysbiosis on stool studies, it doesn’t always work so well to kill kill kill. Years ago, functional medicine practitioners would respond to these findings with heavy rounds of antibiotics, antifungal medications, or strong antimicrobial herbs. Those have their place, but for infants and young children, building the natural inclinations of the gut microbiome to right itself can work even better in many cases. This means I use diets, foods, and products that build defenses – like probiotics, immunoglobulins (like this allergen free product), human milk oligosaccharides, or larch arabinogalactan to fuel and defend a strong and diverse microbiome. Direct soothing to reduce inflammation of the gut wall is on my to-do list also: Tools like liposomal glutathione, pure organic aloe juice, slippery elm, curcumin, marshmallow root, chamomile, or fennel are handy tools too.
Remember that your kids get to be healthy, and there are workable FPIES solutions to make life better for all of you! Contact me here if you’d like to keep abreast of ongoing materials or resources from Nutrition Care For Children.
My 8m old had antibiotics at birth.
Now has FPIES.
We have been following a GAPS diet of meat broth, sauerkraut juice and probiotics. We recently trialed broccoli with a fail.
Help!
Not a fan of GAPS for FPIES, and I know many have seen success with it. GAPS aims to right gut flora and heal tissue, but this fails if food is inadequate during the highly demanding period of critical, high intensity nutrition needs that infants have. Adults, older kids and children who are in solid strong growth status may weather the GAPS restrictions and early phases well but many others do not. See my post here on other reasons why this can fail. I have stepped away one on one from practice, but offer ongoing help in group zoom chats in my Nutrition Cafe – we’ve already covered FPIES, EoE and gut health strategies. If you’re interested in joining, see details here.
My son is FPIES to rice and we believe dairy. He will be 2 in May and is still breast fed and as well as I can tell does not react to my breast milk. He tends to have troubles popping at times but overall seems happy and playful. He has over 15 safes and I have not trialed anything new in awhile due to a few illnesses and teething. Any advise is welcomed as I fear I’m missing something sometimes.
A key piece for FPIES is making sure that a child’s gut microbiome (gut microbes) is supportive, not disruptive, for digestion and reducing inflammatory reactions. Children with FPIES tend to have disrupted gut microbial profiles. I assess this with various options for stool testing. If you’d like help with this, use my contact form to get started.
My guy is 9 months. Cows milk fpies. He has been crying alit at night. Wondering if gastrointestinal disturbance at night from general fours issues?
Hi Lauri, not sure what you are asking for here?
Hi Judy,
My son fits all the symptoms of FPIES except after he is done throwing up he seems to be totally fine, smiling and happy. He is breastfed and I normally can hydrate him with feeding him once his stomach calms down. Just wondering if that is possible with FPIES.
That’s good news that you don’t see the shock-like or listless features that can go with FPIES. If he is gaining and growing steadily, then the amount of feeding that he loses may be of no consequence. My first thought is to check with a lactation consultant to see if anything is awry with his feeding technique. Babies’ tummies are pretty tiny – and if he is an enthusiastic nurser who quickly tanks up with 6-8 ounces, it may be too much too fast for his own good. Contact La Leche League in your zip code for local resources, or ask your pediatrician if they have a referral to troubleshoot this with you.
Hi Ashlee,
My son is almost 5 and has always had that type of reaction with FPIES. After he spends about 5 hours throwing up, he starts to be able to keep food and liquid down, and then is good to go for the rest of the day. Just wanted to share that it is possible!
Allison
Hi there, I’m pretty sure my 6 month old has FPIES. We have had the poorest medical advice. She also has a tongue tie we need to fix but are also dealing with feeding aversion (bottle of expressed milk) and I want to get diapers under control before we do the revision. We are getting close to baseline but aren’t there yet. What should I be doing? I am waiting on getting a corn free premethylated folate to start taking. We are both taking Klaire labs probiotic. What would your advice be? I’d like to get back to breastfeeding but am not sure if it’s a lost cause at this point.
Hello Rebecca, good for you for working so hard at it for your baby girl. I couldn’t know what my advice would be without completing an intake with you, but can say that if you are not seeing progress with the probiotic you’ve chosen then there is more you can do. And, a corn free methylated folate may be helpful but it is a bit of cart-before-horse. Your baby needs to calmly digest and absorb macronutrients first (those are calories, proteins, fats, and carbs)! If breastfeeding is thumbs up or down at this point, that can be sorted readily when working with me and I can also help you find the right replacement, whether it’s a commercial formula, homemade from camel milk, or what have you. You can always schedule to work with me anytime by getting on my calendar here.
Hi Judy, my son just had his 3rd bout with FPIES symptoms (constant vomiting 2 hours after digesting solid food, turning into near shock condition). His first bout was with rice cereal and his 2nd and 3rd were from egg yolk. My son is 8 months and is primarily getting his nutrition through formula with intermittent breastfeeding (mostly morning when my milk production is at its highest). My son was, for the most part, exclusively breastfed up until 3 months but then we started formula supplementation because he was low-percentile weight. Our Pediatrician thankfully has an expertise in Allergies, particularly food allergies and does research on FPIES, so he was able to detect this after my son’s first bout at 5 months. His FPIES seems to be only related to solid foods, which you didn’t seem to talk much about in your article. Could you elaborate a little how you recommend introducing solid foods in infants?
Hi Annie, check this blog to answer your Q on that. You might also like to follow me on FB – I often post updates and tidbits there. Stay tuned there also for news on when i will be having FB live events as well as webinars on these topics.
Hi Judy! My baby was born at 34 weeks and they immediately put him on antibiotics for 3 days to make sure he and I would test negative for group b strep (he came a week before I could have the test done). I was negative but I feel the antibiotics are why he has FPIES. He is 10 months and just diagnosed after months of me questioning and voicing my concerns. I exclusively breastfeed and he vomited and had rash after trying to supplement with elecare..in on to supplement and eventually wean with goat’s milk but was wondering how to do so because his pediatrician said it okay to try but do I need to add to the goat milk or not..btw he has had reaction to almost every food I’ve tried and stopped giving solids after his lymph node tripled in size after an allergic exposure…I just want to know if you can sort of lead me in the right direction to get him better. TIA!
Lots here Raven, and lots going on. I can’t guide you in this forum but am happy to work with you to help your son’s feeding and inflammatory reactions normalize, one on one, and you can book an appointment to do that anytime via my calendar (click Consult With Judy Online or In Person). I’d also suggest signing up for my newsletter to stay abreast of announcements for my on line learning modules, coming later this year – FPIES is definitely on my list of topics to tackle there. The very early antibiotics are suspect in my opinion, for triggering this disrupted pattern for tolerating foods. Make sure the lymph node did not enlarge anywhere near your son’s vaccine doses (within hours or up to 3 weeks after) – that is not a normal reaction.
Hi Im from Argentina. I have a 9 month baby that has allergy problems with all food, even neocate.( she is on it) can we make an appointment by skype? Please! Here docs dont know how to resolve this.
Hi Victoria, we can work via Skype or google hang out anytime. Just check here for my availability https://www.schedulicity.com/scheduling/NCFL5Q/services#%2Fservices and go ahead and schedule – the calendar is set at Colorado US mountain time, so adjust accordingly for your time zone. Looking forward to helping out!
How do I go about setting up an appointment for helping me and my 6 month old son navigate thru his fpies ?
Just click here, and you will be taken to my calendar https://nutritioncare.net/make-your-appointment/
Hi Amber, best next step is to make an appointment so I can help you. This is not something I can do over the web in a blog post! Two thoughts: First, you have all your instincts as a mom in tact, and will find the answers and people to help. Second, depending on your child’s growth and current nutrition status, I would not recommend leaping to a GAPS protocol, but, pieces of that can be very helpful. It is best to individualize this tool with monitoring. And don’t worry – it’s unlikely that the shake you drank last year had so large an impact. Maybe not an idea choice but that is not likely to be underneath your baby’s troubles today.
I’m a desperate mom looking for a way to help my son. We have a pediatrician that didn’t listen for 7m on my son life, when I told them something was wrong. I had to switch him to nutramigen myself at 7m. Then demand a referral to a gi. Which tried omeprazole on my son and he reacted and lost his babbling and laughing, eye contact. He also reacted to every vaccine till we stopped them. Last was at 6m. Dietitian gave elecare. Same horrible reaction as with omeprazole. Back to nutramigen and was referred to an allergist that said to just try one food a week and log what happens. No direction. Only safe food at 12m is banana. Homemade hemp milk with nothing added seems fine. I pressured the pediatrician to do a stool test and it came back negative. I know in my heart that there is something in nutramigen his gi track is reacting to causing it to have upper gi bleeding and diarrhea with any food. Please, please help me help my son. Please.
I wanted to add that his colic and issues started at 1w old. At that time I had a shake that I’m pretty sure had artificial sweeteners in it. It ripped my stomach apart within mins. Didn’t even finish half of it. That’s how I react to artificial sweeteners.
Hi Judy! This article is SO helpful. In my private pediatric acupuncture practice I’m seeing more and more FPIES kids and I’m finding the functional medicine approach along with acupuncture and acupressure home care works really well. In one case the baby is having a mild reaction to probiotics. Have you seen similar reactions? How would you recommend handling it? Wait and do a functional stool analysis? Or do you have a specific type of probiotic that particularly helps FPIES. Also, you mentioned that you don’t do the IgG Elisa panel until 18 months? Can it be done in younger babies or is it unreliable until after 18 months? Thanks so much for your help!
Hi Robin, yes probiotics are dicey until you have done some work to assess the biome first. They may be harmful in cases where SIBO is active and this can need prescription Rx to resolve, per attending MD’s opinion. Some herbs help but the most effective ones are often hard to give to infants or toddlers. ELISA is often unreliable in toddlers younger than 18 mos (false positives).
Hi Judy
We have begun giving our 9 mo old minute doses of GUTPRO. Now I see your note here that we should have the biome diagnosed first. How do we do that and with whom? A GI doctor with a stool sample?
We will stop giving it to her until I hear from you.
And what is SIBO?
If the GutPro is working, great – carry on. If symptoms are not resolving or they are getting worse, then assessment would be a good idea. GI doctors don’t usually do the type of functional stool microbiology that will be useful in this situation; they are looking for serious infections that can make us very sick or cause copious diarrhea, but not looking for fungal species or commensal flora that disrupt digestion and absorption but aren’t an immediate threat to health. Click for more info on functional stool testing. I can authorize these tests in my practice. Naturopaths, chiropractors or functional medicine MDs do as well. SIBO is small intestine bacterial overgrowth, which can be exacerbated by use of high potency probiotics.
Hi.
I have been on an FPIES journey for a year now. My son reacts to food through my milk, which has allowed me to discover his eight safe foods. He was breach and an emergency c-section. He was EBF (even when our GI pushed us to switch to formula) and I eventually found a baseline for him after months of agony. Our allergist tested his blood at about six months for allergies, but nothing came up. I am still breastfeeding (and will do so as long as possible to identify triggers and provide him with antibodies) but I am supplimenting with an amino acid formula (to ensure he gets the nutrients he needs). And he is eating his 8 safe foods well. All this to say, what would you do next if you were me? I still feel so lost and terrified and any help is very greatly appreciated!
Thanks so much!
Lindsey
Good for you for persisting and identifying 8 foods your son can safely eat. My next steps in this case would be to supplement with tools that encourage epithelial and gut tissue repair and integrity. There are several, and which ones apply in your son’s case are best chosen with a knowledgeable provider. These can include liposomal gluthathione, N-acetyl cysteine, free essential amino acids, glutamine, the right probiotics, aloe juice (in small amounts), or soothing herbal tinctures in glycerite, such as licorice, slippery elm, chamomile, ginger, or peppermint. I would also evaluate his total intake to assure it’s amply adequate for protein, healthy fats, and non-grain carbs (unless you know of a safe grain). If not done already, I would consider ELISA IGG food antibody panel as well as an ALCAT panel (this observes white blood cell response to foods). These tests can help you find more safe foods or eliminate those that may be unknown agitators. Lastly I would rule out any nasty campers in his gut, such as Helicobacter pylori, Candida or fungal excess, or yucky Strep strains that tend to hide there and disrupt that intestinal wall. Knowledge is power.. keep up the good work!
Wow! Thank you south for your response! When you say a knowledgable provider, would that be a GI, allergist or pediatrician? This is all such great information! And to be able to identify allergies through his blood! Wow! All I can say is thank you for this information!!!
Hi Lindsey, I am going to give you my honest answer. After seeing for years what happens to kids with these issues in usual health care networks: Allergists usually will check for IgE reactions, not the other types of reactions I mentioned earlier. These other reactions (white blood cell, IgG) may be active with FPIES. If you only look at IgE you may miss important information. And it’s not likely that an allergist MD will do the other tests if you ask them to, for two reasons: One, they are not familiar with them and don’t know how to order; two, they don’t know how to use this information. Next: A GI doctor will do endoscopy and will look to characterize the damage to tissue in GI tract, then will offer medications for it. They may offer no nutrition monitoring or support at all (this happens often). In some cases, the GI doctor may prescribe a specialized formula, and these can be useful if chosen correctly, but these are still not likely to be the whole of what a child with FPIES may need.
In my experience, MD knowledge of these tools is spotty. GI doctors do not specialize in nutrition per se and will typically do little to intervene with therapeutic foods and formulas, much less supplements, probiotics, or herbs – it’s just not their job. Some will refer to their own hospital-based dietitian, who will likely give your child something like Pediasure or an amino-acid based formula. I often find children have been given a poor choice of formula by a well meaning hospital based dietitian who is not aware of other options. Lastly, a pediatrician is not specialized in nutrition, allergy, or GI at all, so that is not a good option.
Long short, these situations are my area of expertise and I am happy to help. I work with families remotely often, from very young infants on up to young adults. I welcome you to consider that option. Meanwhile, if an MD is your preference, have no hesitation to interview GI doctors in your region to see what feels like a good fit. Be sure to ask how the therapeutic nutrition components are chosen and monitored.
I am so excited after reading your article!!! I have been to numerous different kinds of doctors, looking for someone to test her for microscopic parasites and other causes than the basics. My daughter is turning two in Aug and is only able to kind of tolerate grass fed beef, one kind of coconut milk thickened with arrow root, grapes, and broccoli. She isn’t vomiting or diarrhea from these foods but has constipation and cramps. She still has horrible reflux. I am more than excited for her to see you!!! Will you send me the information I need to schedule her an appointment. Thank you so much for your article! I felt hope for the first time in a long time.
Hi Christy, get started anytime by following “schedule now” to my calendar here: https://nutritioncare.net/make-your-appointment/ You can also click around my site to learn more about me and my practice. Thanks for connecting!
Hi! How do I get in touch with you to possibly work with my son (3 years old)?
Hi Alisha, simply reach out via the contact form on my website, here – scroll down to fill in the fields so I can hear from you.
Fpies kids have remarkable results with the gaps protocol!
What is the protocol?
Not all kids with FPIES do well on GAPS and I have met many who have failed. If your child is in strong status for growth pattern, odds are better – but if your child is already lapsed or lingering below 10th percentile for weight or length I do not recommend the GAPS approach to gut health in infants or young children. The same outcome can be achieved with other strategies, some of which incorporate features of GAPS so that it suits your child. See my post on reasons GAPS may fail here: https://judyconversenutrition.com/gaps-can-fail-child/
Great article. So many foods these days are causing problems, especially cow’s milk (an old one) and wheat. Not gluten, but wheat. The big-ag business has automated and hybridized their way off our tables. It’s no longer what’s good for us or what tastes good, it’s all about how fast they can turn a profit. I have many infants in my practice (including ASD) that have terrible gut problems. I’m constantly getting mothers with their newborns on Zantac and Prevacid! The silver lining, in a way, is that your son developed this disorder, and now you may help others. Thanks.